Report Code : CVMI24071648 | Published Date : July 16, 2024

The epilepsy drugs market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the rising prevalence of epilepsy, advancements in anti-seizure medications, and increasing awareness of neurological disorders. Valued at USD XX billion in 2023, the market is projected to grow at a CAGR of XX% from 2024 to 2031, reaching USD XX billion by 2031

Epilepsy Drugs Market Key Insights

Epilepsy drugs, including antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), benzodiazepines, and new-generation sodium channel blockers, play a crucial role in controlling seizures and maintaining neurological stability. The market is expanding with personalized drug therapies, precision medicine, and new drug delivery methods technologies.

Epilepsy Drugs Market Growth Drivers

  • Rising Global Epilepsy Prevalence – The rising cases of neurological disorders, traumatic brain injuries, and genetic epilepsy syndromes are contributing to demand.
  • Advancements in Antiepileptic Drug Formulations: The development of long-acting AEDs, combination therapies, and novel drug targets is enhancing treatment outcomes.
  • Growing Investments in Epilepsy Research & Drug Innovation – Pharmaceutical companies are developing next-generation epilepsy drugs with fewer side effects.
  • Government Support and Regulatory Approvals for New AEDs – Increased funding for neurological research and better accessibility to epilepsy treatment is propelling the market growth.

 

Epilepsy Drugs Market Regional Trends

  • North America leads due to strong epilepsy awareness programs and high adoption of new AEDs.
  • Europe is expanding with government initiatives for neurological disease management.
  • Asia-Pacific is witnessing rapid growth, driven by increasing epilepsy cases and improving healthcare access.
  • Latin America & MEA are emerging markets benefiting from rising treatment awareness and epilepsy advocacy campaigns.

 

ClearView Market Insights Analysis;

The epilepsy drugs market is poised for continuous expansion, fueled by advancements in drug formulation, rising epilepsy diagnosis rates, and regulatory support for new therapies. Companies that invest in precision medicine, AI-driven seizure prediction, and enhanced safety profiles for AEDs will dominate this evolving sector.





Reasons To Buy

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Scope

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Key Players

  • Pfizer Inc.
  • UCB S.A.
  • GlaxoSmithKline plc
  • Eisai Co.
  • Ltd.
  • Novartis AG

 

Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Report

  1. 1. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Research Report
    1. 1.1 Study Objectives
    2. 1.2 Global Epilepsy Drugs Market - Overview
    3. 1.3 Reason to Read This Report
    4. 1.4 Methodology and Forecast Analysis
    2. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Research Report - Preface
    1. 2.1 Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Research Report – Detailed Scope and Definitions
      1. 2.1.1 By Type
      2. 2.1.2 By Drug Class
      3. 2.1.3 By Region
    3. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Dynamics
    1. 3.1. Drivers - Macro-Economic Based, Supply Side, and Demand Side Drivers
    2. 3.2. Restraints – By Type, By Drug Class, By Country
    3. 3.3. Opportunities – By Type, By Drug Class, By Country
    4. 3.4. Trends – By Type, By Drug Class, By Country
    5. 3.5. PEST Analysis
    6. 3.6. Porters Five Rule Analysis
    7. 3.7. Company’s Share Analysis (CSA) by Region or By Country
    8. 3.8. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Research Report – DROTs Impact Analysis
    4. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Research Report, Historic Data 2019 - 2023 and Forecast Analysis Data 2024 - 2031
    1. 4.1. Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    2. 4.2. Annual Market Trend Assessment – Year-on-Year (YoY) Growth Analysis (%)
    3. 4.3. Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and 2024 - 2031
    4. 4.4. Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    5. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, By Type, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 5.1 Generalized Epilepsy
      1. 5.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 5.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 5.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 5.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    2. 5.2 Focal Epilepsy
      1. 5.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 5.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 5.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 5.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    3. 5.3 Mixed Epilepsy
      1. 5.3.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 5.3.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 5.3.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 5.3.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    6. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, By Drug Class, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 6.1 Antiepileptic Drugs (First Generation AEDs (Phenytoin
      1. 6.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 6.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 6.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 6.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    2. 6.2 Carbamazepine
      1. 6.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 6.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 6.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 6.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    3. 6.3 Valproate)
      1. 6.3.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 6.3.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 6.3.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 6.3.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    4. 6.4 Second Generation AEDs (Levetiracetam
      1. 6.4.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 6.4.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 6.4.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 6.4.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    5. 6.5 Lamotrigine
      1. 6.5.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 6.5.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 6.5.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 6.5.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    6. 6.6 Topiramate)
      1. 6.6.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 6.6.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 6.6.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 6.6.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    7. 6.7 Third Generation AEDs (Brivaracetam
      1. 6.7.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 6.7.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 6.7.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 6.7.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    8. 6.8 Perampanel))
      1. 6.8.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 6.8.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 6.8.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 6.8.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    9. 6.9 Adjunctive Therapy Drugs
      1. 6.9.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 6.9.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 6.9.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 6.9.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    10. 6.10 Monotherapy Drugs
      1. 6.10.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 6.10.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 6.10.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 6.10.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    7. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Forecast, By Region, 2019 - 2023 and 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 7.1 North America
      1. 7.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    2. 7.2 Europe
      1. 7.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    3. 7.3 Asia-Pacific
      1. 7.3.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.3.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.3.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.3.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    4. 7.4 Latin America
      1. 7.4.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.4.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.4.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.4.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    5. 7.5 Middle East & Africa
      1. 7.5.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.5.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.5.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.5.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    6. 7.6 Global Epilepsy Drugs Market - Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By Drug Class, and Region, 2024 - 2031
    8. North America Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 8.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 8.1.1 Generalized Epilepsy
      2. 8.1.2 Focal Epilepsy
      3. 8.1.3 Mixed Epilepsy
      8.2 By Drug Class Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 8.2.1 Antiepileptic Drugs (First Generation AEDs (Phenytoin
      2. 8.2.2 Carbamazepine
      3. 8.2.3 Valproate)
      4. 8.2.4 Second Generation AEDs (Levetiracetam
      5. 8.2.5 Lamotrigine
      6. 8.2.6 Topiramate)
      7. 8.2.7 Third Generation AEDs (Brivaracetam
      8. 8.2.8 Perampanel))
      9. 8.2.9 Adjunctive Therapy Drugs
      10. 8.2.10 Monotherapy Drugs
      8.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 8.3.1 United States
      2. 8.3.2 Canada
      8.4 North America Global Epilepsy Drugs Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By Drug Class, and Country, 2024 - 2031
      8.5 Regional Trends Analysis
      8.6 North America Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 8.6.1 Company 1 (United States)
      2. 8.6.2 Company 2 (Canada)
      3. 8.6.3 Company 3 (Canada)
    9. Europe Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 9.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.1.1 Generalized Epilepsy
      2. 9.1.2 Focal Epilepsy
      3. 9.1.3 Mixed Epilepsy
      9.2 By Drug Class Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.2.1 Antiepileptic Drugs (First Generation AEDs (Phenytoin
      2. 9.2.2 Carbamazepine
      3. 9.2.3 Valproate)
      4. 9.2.4 Second Generation AEDs (Levetiracetam
      5. 9.2.5 Lamotrigine
      6. 9.2.6 Topiramate)
      7. 9.2.7 Third Generation AEDs (Brivaracetam
      8. 9.2.8 Perampanel))
      9. 9.2.9 Adjunctive Therapy Drugs
      10. 9.2.10 Monotherapy Drugs
      9.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.3.1 Germany
      2. 9.3.2 United Kingdom
      3. 9.3.3 France
      4. 9.3.4 Spain
      5. 9.3.5 Italy
      6. 9.3.6 Russia
      7. 9.3.7 Netherlands
      8. 9.3.8 Poland
      9. 9.3.9 Rest of Europe
      9.4 Europe Global Epilepsy Drugs Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By Drug Class, and Country, 2024 - 2031
      9.5 Regional Trends Analysis
      9.6 Europe Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 9.6.1 Company 1 (Germany)
      2. 9.6.2 Company 2 (United Kingdom)
      3. 9.6.3 Company 3 (United Kingdom)
    10. Asia-Pacific Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 10.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.1.1 Generalized Epilepsy
      2. 10.1.2 Focal Epilepsy
      3. 10.1.3 Mixed Epilepsy
      10.2 By Drug Class Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.2.1 Antiepileptic Drugs (First Generation AEDs (Phenytoin
      2. 10.2.2 Carbamazepine
      3. 10.2.3 Valproate)
      4. 10.2.4 Second Generation AEDs (Levetiracetam
      5. 10.2.5 Lamotrigine
      6. 10.2.6 Topiramate)
      7. 10.2.7 Third Generation AEDs (Brivaracetam
      8. 10.2.8 Perampanel))
      9. 10.2.9 Adjunctive Therapy Drugs
      10. 10.2.10 Monotherapy Drugs
      10.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.3.1 China
      2. 10.3.2 Japan
      3. 10.3.3 India
      4. 10.3.4 South Korea
      5. 10.3.5 Australia & NZ
      6. 10.3.6 ASEAN
      7. 10.3.7 Rest of Asia-Pacific
      10.4 Asia-Pacific Global Epilepsy Drugs Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By Drug Class, and Country, 2024 - 2031
      10.5 Regional Trends Analysis
      10.6 Asia-Pacific Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 10.6.1 Company 1 (China)
      2. 10.6.2 Company 2 (Japan)
      3. 10.6.3 Company 3 (Japan)
    11. Latin America Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 11.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.1.1 Generalized Epilepsy
      2. 11.1.2 Focal Epilepsy
      3. 11.1.3 Mixed Epilepsy
      11.2 By Drug Class Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.2.1 Antiepileptic Drugs (First Generation AEDs (Phenytoin
      2. 11.2.2 Carbamazepine
      3. 11.2.3 Valproate)
      4. 11.2.4 Second Generation AEDs (Levetiracetam
      5. 11.2.5 Lamotrigine
      6. 11.2.6 Topiramate)
      7. 11.2.7 Third Generation AEDs (Brivaracetam
      8. 11.2.8 Perampanel))
      9. 11.2.9 Adjunctive Therapy Drugs
      10. 11.2.10 Monotherapy Drugs
      11.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.3.1 Brazil
      2. 11.3.2 Mexico
      3. 11.3.3 Argentina
      4. 11.3.4 Peru
      5. 11.3.5 Colombia
      6. 11.3.6 Rest of Latin America
      11.4 Latin America Global Epilepsy Drugs Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By Drug Class, and Country, 2024 - 2031
      11.5 Regional Trends Analysis
      11.6 Latin America Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 11.6.1 Company 1 (Brazil)
      2. 11.6.2 Company 2 (Mexico)
      3. 11.6.3 Company 3 (Mexico)
    12. Middle East & Africa Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 12.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.1.1 Generalized Epilepsy
      2. 12.1.2 Focal Epilepsy
      3. 12.1.3 Mixed Epilepsy
      12.2 By Drug Class Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.2.1 Antiepileptic Drugs (First Generation AEDs (Phenytoin
      2. 12.2.2 Carbamazepine
      3. 12.2.3 Valproate)
      4. 12.2.4 Second Generation AEDs (Levetiracetam
      5. 12.2.5 Lamotrigine
      6. 12.2.6 Topiramate)
      7. 12.2.7 Third Generation AEDs (Brivaracetam
      8. 12.2.8 Perampanel))
      9. 12.2.9 Adjunctive Therapy Drugs
      10. 12.2.10 Monotherapy Drugs
      12.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.3.1 Saudi Arabia
      2. 12.3.2 UAE
      3. 12.3.3 South Africa
      4. 12.3.4 Egypt
      5. 12.3.5 Israel
      6. 12.3.6 Rest of Middle East and Africa
      12.4 Middle East & Africa Global Epilepsy Drugs Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By Drug Class, and Country, 2024 - 2031
      12.5 Regional Trends Analysis
      12.6 Middle East & Africa Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 12.6.1 Company 1 (Saudi Arabia)
      2. 12.6.2 Company 2 (UAE)
      3. 12.6.3 Company 3 (UAE)
    13. Competition Landscape
    1. 13.1 Strategic Dashboard of Top Market Players
      13.2 Company Profiles (Introduction, Financial Assessments, Portfolio of Offerings, Milestones and Achievements, Strategic Initiative, and SWOT Analysis)
      1. 13.2.1 Pfizer Inc.
      2. 13.2.2 UCB S.A.
      3. 13.2.3 GlaxoSmithKline plc
      4. 13.2.4 Eisai Co.
      5. 13.2.5 Ltd.
      6. 13.2.6 Novartis AG
    14. Data Collection Method and Research Approach
    15. Principal Presumptions and Acronyms



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