Report Code : CVMI2501244 | Published Date : March 3, 2025

1 | Market Overview

Phosphorene, a two-dimensional (2D) allotrope of black phosphorus, has emerged as a transformative material in the fields of nanoelectronics, energy storage, optoelectronics, and biomedical science. Unlike graphene, phosphorene possesses an inherent direct bandgap, high carrier mobility, and excellent anisotropic properties, making it a highly versatile candidate for next-generation semiconductors and flexible electronic devices. Its rise is being accelerated by the demand for energy-efficient materials, the scaling of nano-FET devices, and increasing investment in quantum computing materials.

Phosphorene, originally synthesized through lab-scale exfoliation procedures, is now advancing towards scalable chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and liquid-phase exfoliation methods. Ongoing R&D focuses on stability, integration with silicon, and oxidation resistance. This market is attracting strong interest from semiconductor fabricators, lithium-ion battery manufacturers, and research-intensive healthcare companies.

 

2 | Market Size and Forecast

Year

Market Value (USD Million)

Notes

2019

37

Early-stage adoption in university-scale pilot projects

2024

104

CAGR 23.0% (2019–24)

2031

678

Projected CAGR 31.1% (2024–31)

Growth from 2024 to 2031 is expected to accelerate due to breakthroughs in scalable synthesis, use in wearable sensors, and commercial applications in transistors and energy devices.

 

3 | Primary Market Drivers

  • Semiconductor Scaling Limits: As traditional silicon CMOS transistors near their miniaturization limits, phosphorene’s high mobility presents alternatives for sub-5nm technology nodes.
  • Flexible and Wearable Electronics: Its tunable bandgap and mechanical flexibility make phosphorene ideal for foldable devices, skin sensors, and photodetectors.
  • Energy Storage Revolution: High theoretical capacities and rapid charge rates in phosphorene-based anodes are being tested in lithium–sulfur and sodium-ion batteries.
  • Biomedical nanotechnology offers biocompatibility and photothermal properties, enabling drug delivery and applications in cancer therapy.
  • Academic and Industrial Synergies: Funding from the US DOE, the EU Graphene Flagship, and the Chinese Quantum Plan stimulates partnerships across disciplines.

 

4 | Market Challenges

  • Oxidation Instability: Phosphorene is highly reactive to oxygen and moisture, necessitating encapsulation solutions to preserve shelf life and performance.
  • Production Scalability: Most commercial-grade phosphorene is derived from labor-intensive exfoliation, constraining volume scale-up.
  • High R&D Cost: Cost-intensive development cycles and capital-heavy synthesis routes make commercialization risky for startups.
  • Standardization Gaps: Lack of universally accepted quality metrics or reference grades creates procurement challenges.
  • Environmental Safety Uncertainty: Toxicity profiles in soil and water ecosystems are under investigation, potentially slowing regulatory approvals.

 

5 | Competitive Landscape

Company

Est. 2024 Share

Competitive Strengths

Recent Move

Nanoshel

18%

Bulk phosphorene supply, online B2B presence

Launched 99.9% pure phosphorene nanoplates in 2023

ACS Materials

15%

Consistency and research supply dominance

Partnered with UCLA for custom 2D material kits

2D Semiconductors

12%

US academic market share

Developed wafer-scale phosphorene growth on sapphire

SixCarbon

9%

Mass customization for FET trials

Secured seed funding for batch-CVD facility

Tanfeng Tech

8%

Asia-based low-cost supplier

Patented inert-atmosphere exfoliation reactor

Others

38%

Startups, university spinouts

Experimental formulations, EU consortium trials

 

6 | Detailed Market Segmentation

By Type

  • Monolayer Phosphorene – 28%
  • Few-layer Phosphorene – XX%
  • Bulk/Composite Phosphorene – XX%

 

By Application

  • Semiconductor Devices – 34%
  • Energy Storage – XX%
  • Photodetectors/Optoelectronics – XX%
  • Biomedical & Drug Delivery – XX%
  • Sensors – XX%

 

By End Use

  • Electronics & Semiconductors – XX%
  • Energy & Power – 21%
  • Research & Academia – XX%
  • Medical Devices – XX%
  • Others – 8%

 

7 | Regional Analysis

  • North America (34%) – Dominates in patents and university-led prototyping; NASA and Intel involved in R&D partnerships.
  • Asia-Pacific (XX%) – China and South Korea ramp up funding for 2D materials in electronics and quantum research.
  • Europe (XX%) – EU Graphene Flagship drives market creation in the UK, Germany, and the Netherlands.
  • Latin America (XX%) – Niche growth in energy storage and printed electronics in Brazil and Chile.
  • Middle East & Africa (XX%) – Research clusters in UAE and South Africa explore green energy applications.

 

8 | Technology and Innovation

  • Wafer-scale deposition of phosphorene layers using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) systems.
  • Encapsulation solutions that utilize boron nitride and polymer coatings to improve environmental stability.
  • Hybrid composites that incorporate phosphorene with carbon nanotubes and MoS₂ for multifunctional electrodes.
  • Photonic logic circuits based on anisotropic charge transport in phosphorene.
  • Biosensing interfaces combining phosphorene’s surface area with protein-specific binding tags.

 

9 | Regulatory Environment

Phosphorene currently lacks dedicated REACH or EPA classification but is governed under nanomaterial disclosure rules. Material safety standards are evolving through ASTM and ISO nanotechnology working groups. FDA guidelines for phosphorene use in biomedical settings are in pre-consultation phase (2025 draft).

 

10 | Recent Developments (Q4 2023 – Q2 2025)

  • Q1 2024 – Tanfeng patented a humidity-proof phosphorene powder.
  • Q2 2024 – 2D Semiconductors began pilot wafer-scale phosphorene synthesis.
  • Q4 2024 – EU Horizon Europe funds EUR 12M for phosphorene in biosensing.
  • Q1 2025 – Nanoshel debuts phosphorene-based anode for sodium-ion cells.

 

11 | Strategic Outlook

Firms should prioritize stabilization technologies, device compatibility, and bulk-scale CVD solutions. Investors should seek IP-rich companies positioned at the intersection of 2D semiconductors and flexible electronics. Governments are urged to fast-track toxicity testing and regulatory clarity to enable commercial scaling.

 

12 | Methodology

Data compiled from over 55 academic studies, 26 patent families, 38 manufacturer interviews, and 12 pilot-project briefings. Market forecasts modeled using Monte Carlo simulations and adoption-stage adjusted S-curves.





Reasons To Buy

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Scope

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  • Key Players

  • 2D Semiconductors
  • ACS Material Inc.
  • 2D Materials Pte Ltd
  • SixCarbon Technology
  • XFNANO Materials Tech Co. Ltd.
  • Iris Light Technologies Inc.
  • Inorganic Ventures
  • SAE International
  • Accumet Materials Co.
  • Mil‑Spec Industries Corp.
  • Nichia
  • STREM CHEMICALS
  • Noah Technologies

 

Phosphorene Market Report

 

  1. 1. Phosphorene Market Research Report
    1. 1.1 Study Objectives
    2. 1.2 Phosphorene Market - Overview
    3. 1.3 Reason to Read This Report
    4. 1.4 Methodology and Forecast Analysis
  2. 2. Phosphorene Market Research Report - Preface
    1. 2.1 Phosphorene Market Research Report – Detailed Scope and Definitions
      1. 2.1.1 By Type
      2. 2.1.2 By End Use
      3. 2.1.3 By Region
  3. 3. Phosphorene Market Dynamics
    1. 3.1. Drivers - Macro-Economic Based, Supply Side, and Demand Side Drivers
    2. 3.2. Restraints – By Type, By End Use, By Country
    3. 3.3. Opportunities – By Type, By End Use, By Country
    4. 3.4. Trends – By Type, By End Use, By Country
    5. 3.5. PEST Analysis
    6. 3.6. Porters Five Rule Analysis
    7. 3.7. Company’s Share Analysis (CSA) by Region or By Country
    8. 3.8. Phosphorene Market Research Report – DROTs Impact Analysis
    1. 4. Phosphorene Market Research Report, Historic Data 2019 - 2023 and Forecast Analysis Data 2024 - 2031
    2. 4.1. Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    3. 4.2. Annual Market Trend Assessment – Year-on-Year (YoY) Growth Analysis (%)
    4. 4.3. Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and 2024 - 2031
    5. 4.4. Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
  1. 5. Phosphorene Market, By Type, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 5.1 Monolayer Phosphorene
    2. 5.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    3. 5.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    4. 5.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    5. 5.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    6. 5.2 Few-layer Phosphorene
    7. 5.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    8. 5.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    9. 5.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    10. 5.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    11. 5.3 Bulk/Composite Phosphorene
    12. 5.3.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    13. 5.3.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    14. 5.3.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    15. 5.3.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    6. Phosphorene Market, By End Use, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 6.1 Electronics & Semiconductors
    2. 6.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    3. 6.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    4. 6.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    5. 6.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    6. 6.2 Energy & Power
    7. 6.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    8. 6.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    9. 6.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    10. 6.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    11. 6.3 Research & Academia
    12. 6.3.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    13. 6.3.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    14. 6.3.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    15. 6.3.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    16. 6.4 Medical Devices
    17. 6.4.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    18. 6.4.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    19. 6.4.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    20. 6.4.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    21. 6.5 Others
    22. 6.5.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    23. 6.5.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    24. 6.5.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    25. 6.5.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
  1. 7. Phosphorene Market Forecast, By Region, 2019 - 2023 and 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 7.1 North America
      1. 7.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
      7.2 Europe
      1. 7.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
      7.3 Asia-Pacific
      1. 7.3.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.3.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.3.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.3.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
      7.4 Latin America
      1. 7.4.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.4.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.4.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.4.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
      7.5 Middle East and Africa
      1. 7.5.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.5.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.5.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.5.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
      7.6 Phosphorene Market - Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By End Use, and Region, 2024 - 2031
  1. 8. North America Phosphorene Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 8.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 8.1.1 Monolayer Phosphorene
      2. 8.1.2 Few-layer Phosphorene
      3. 8.1.3 Bulk/Composite Phosphorene
      8.2 By End Use Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 8.2.1 Electronics & Semiconductors
      2. 8.2.2 Energy & Power
      3. 8.2.3 Research & Academia
      4. 8.2.4 Medical Devices
      5. 8.2.5 Others
      8.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 8.3.1 United States
      2. 8.3.2 Canada
    2. 8.4 North America Phosphorene Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By End Use, and Country, 2024 - 2031
    3. 8.5 Regional Trends Analysis
    4. 8.6 North America Phosphorene Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 8.6.1 Company 1 (United States)
      2. 8.6.2 Company 2 (Canada)
      3. 8.6.3 Company 3 (Canada)
    9. Europe Phosphorene Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 9.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.1.1 Monolayer Phosphorene
      2. 9.1.2 Few-layer Phosphorene
      3. 9.1.3 Bulk/Composite Phosphorene
      9.2 By End Use Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.2.1 Electronics & Semiconductors
      2. 9.2.2 Energy & Power
      3. 9.2.3 Research & Academia
      4. 9.2.4 Medical Devices
      5. 9.2.5 Others
      9.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.3.1 Germany
      2. 9.3.2 United Kingdom
      3. 9.3.3 France
      4. 9.3.4 Spain
      5. 9.3.5 Italy
      6. 9.3.6 Russia
    2. 9.4 Europe Phosphorene Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By End Use, and Country, 2024 - 2031
    3. 9.5 Regional Trends Analysis
    4. 9.6 Europe Phosphorene Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 9.6.1 Company 1 (Germany)
      2. 9.6.2 Company 2 (United Kingdom)
      3. 9.6.3 Company 3 (United Kingdom)
    10. Asia-Pacific Phosphorene Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 10.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.1.1 Monolayer Phosphorene
      2. 10.1.2 Few-layer Phosphorene
      3. 10.1.3 Bulk/Composite Phosphorene
      10.2 By End Use Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.2.1 Electronics & Semiconductors
      2. 10.2.2 Energy & Power
      3. 10.2.3 Research & Academia
      4. 10.2.4 Medical Devices
      5. 10.2.5 Others
      10.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.3.1 China
      2. 10.3.2 Japan
      3. 10.3.3 India
      4. 10.3.4 South Korea
      5. 10.3.5 Australia & New Zealand
      6. 10.3.6 ASEAN
    2. 10.4 Asia-Pacific Phosphorene Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By End Use, and Country, 2024 - 2031
    3. 10.5 Regional Trends Analysis
    4. 10.6 Asia-Pacific Phosphorene Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 10.6.1 Company 1 (China)
      2. 10.6.2 Company 2 (Japan)
      3. 10.6.3 Company 3 (Japan)
    11. Latin America Phosphorene Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 11.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.1.1 Monolayer Phosphorene
      2. 11.1.2 Few-layer Phosphorene
      3. 11.1.3 Bulk/Composite Phosphorene
      11.2 By End Use Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.2.1 Electronics & Semiconductors
      2. 11.2.2 Energy & Power
      3. 11.2.3 Research & Academia
      4. 11.2.4 Medical Devices
      5. 11.2.5 Others
      11.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.3.1 Brazil
      2. 11.3.2 Mexico
      3. 11.3.3 Argentina
      4. 11.3.4 Peru
      5. 11.3.5 Colombia
      6. 11.3.6 Rest of Latin America
    2. 11.4 Latin America Phosphorene Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By End Use, and Country, 2024 - 2031
    3. 11.5 Regional Trends Analysis
    4. 11.6 Latin America Phosphorene Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 11.6.1 Company 1 (Brazil)
      2. 11.6.2 Company 2 (Mexico)
      3. 11.6.3 Company 3 (Mexico)
    12. Middle East and Africa Phosphorene Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 12.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.1.1 Monolayer Phosphorene
      2. 12.1.2 Few-layer Phosphorene
      3. 12.1.3 Bulk/Composite Phosphorene
      12.2 By End Use Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.2.1 Electronics & Semiconductors
      2. 12.2.2 Energy & Power
      3. 12.2.3 Research & Academia
      4. 12.2.4 Medical Devices
      5. 12.2.5 Others
      12.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.3.1 Saudi Arabia
      2. 12.3.2 UAE
      3. 12.3.3 South Africa
      4. 12.3.4 Egypt
      5. 12.3.5 Israel
      6. 12.3.6 Rest of Middle East and Africa
    2. 12.4 Middle East and Africa Phosphorene Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By End Use, and Country, 2024 - 2031
    3. 12.5 Regional Trends Analysis
    4. 12.6 Middle East and Africa Phosphorene Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 12.6.1 Company 1 (Saudi Arabia)
      2. 12.6.2 Company 2 (UAE)
      3. 12.6.3 Company 3 (UAE)
    13. Competition Landscape
    1. 13.1 Strategic Dashboard of Top Market Players
    2. 13.2 Company Profiles (Introduction, Financial Assessments, Portfolio of Offerings, Milestones and Achievements, Strategic Initiative, and SWOT Analysis)
      1. 13.2.1 ACS Material LLC
      2. 13.2.2 2D Semiconductors
      3. 13.2.3 Sixonia Tech GmbH
      4. 13.2.4 Graphenea
      5. 13.2.5 2D Fab AB
      6. 13.2.6 Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd.
      7. 13.2.7 Nanoinnova Technologies
      8. 13.2.8 Blackleaf
      9. 13.2.9 Versarien plc
      10. 13.2.10 Abalonyx AS
      11. 13.2.11 XG Sciences
      12. 13.2.12 Planar Tech
      13. 13.2.13 NanoIntegris Technologies
      14. 13.2.14 The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd.
      15. 13.2.15 Cabot Corporation
  1. 14. Data Collection Method and Research Approach
  2. 15. Principal Presumptions and Acronyms