Report Code : CVMI2501261 | Published Date : March 3, 2025

1 | Market Overview

Photonic band-gap (PBG) materials are engineered structures designed to prevent the propagation of specific wavelengths of light, similar to how semiconductors block certain electron energies. These materials facilitate the precise control of photons and are integral to optical computing, laser confinement, waveguides, and photonic crystal fibers. Their periodic dielectric structures enable the creation of a photonic band gap, allowing for light manipulation at nanoscale resolution.

The market is expanding as photonic crystals and metamaterials increasingly find applications in high-performance telecom equipment, quantum computing, biosensors, optical chips, and LED lighting. With the demand for miniaturized and high-speed photonics intensifying, PBG materials are emerging as crucial components in future-proof optoelectronics.

 

2 | Market Size and Forecast

Year

Market Value (USD Million)

Notes

2019

145

Research and telecom component demand

2024

195

CAGR 6.1% (2019–2024)

2031

385

Projected CAGR 10.1% (2024–2031)

 

3 | Primary Market Drivers

  • Growing demand for high-speed optical networks and fiber optics
  • Rising investment in quantum computing and photonic processors
  • Expansion of biosensing and lab-on-chip diagnostic devices
  • LED and laser efficiency improvements using photonic crystals
  • Emerging optical cloaking and invisibility applications in defense

 

4 | Market Challenges

  • High fabrication cost of nanoscale periodic structures
  • Complex integration with existing semiconductor systems
  • Need for advanced lithography and etching tools
  • Performance inconsistency across temperature ranges

 

5 | Competitive Landscape

Company

Est. 2024 Share

Competitive Strengths

Recent Move

Luxtera (Cisco Systems)

18%

Silicon photonics for data centers

Integrated PBG tech into photonic chipsets

NKT Photonics

16%

Photonic crystal fiber production

Developed hollow-core PBG fiber for sensing applications

Photonic Lattice Inc.

14%

Custom crystal structures for light manipulation

Partnered with universities for optical chip innovation

Crystal Fibre (OFS Fitel)

11%

High-end PBG fiber and sensing systems

Expanded medical diagnostic fiber lines

Others

41%

Research spinouts, defense, and specialty OEMs

Active in cloaking, anti-reflective, and energy-harvesting systems

 

6 | Market Segmentation

By Material Type

  • Dielectric Photonic Crystals
  • Polymer-based PBG Materials
  • Semiconductor-based PBG Materials
  • Metamaterials and Nanoengineered Composites

 

By Application

  • Optical Communication & Telecom – 32%
  • Quantum & Photonic Computing – XX%
  • Biomedical Sensing & Diagnostics – XX%
  • LEDs & Laser Devices – XX%
  • Defense & Cloaking – XX%
  • Others – XX%

 

7 | Regional Analysis

  • North America (38%) – Dominant in R&D for quantum optics and defense
  • Asia-Pacific (XX%) – Rapid telecom infrastructure growth and academic innovation
  • Europe (XX%) – Applications in biosensing, silicon photonics, and lasers
  • Latin America (XX%) – Growing academic focus and diagnostic device deployment
  • Middle East & Africa (XX%) – Minor demand for specialty optical sensing and telecom

 

8 | Technology and Innovation

  • 2D and 3D photonic crystal fabrication for nanoscale optical circuits
  • Hollow-core PBG fibers for low-loss transmission
  • Thermal and reconfigurable PBG systems
  • Self-assembled nanostructures for bio-compatible waveguides
  • Tunable photonic metamaterials for infrared and visible control

 

9 | Regulatory Environment

Subject to telecom, medical device, and optical safety regulations under FCC (US), CE (EU), and ISO standards (ISO 13485 for medical, ISO 9001 for optics). Defense-grade materials may require ITAR or export licensing.

 

10 | Recent Developments (Q4 2023 – Q2 2025)

  • Q4 2023 – Luxtera introduced optical transceiver with integrated PBG cavity
  • Q1 2024 – NKT Photonics launched low-dispersion fiber for biomedical lasers
  • Q4 2024 – Photonic Lattice patented low-temperature fabrication technique
  • Q2 2025 – Crystal Fibre delivered hollow-core PBG bundles for cancer imaging

 

11 | Strategic Outlook

The adoption of photonic band-gap materials is expanding beyond research labs into commercial telecom, quantum hardware, and bio-photonic diagnostics. Manufacturers need to invest in scalable nano-fabrication, hybrid integration, and performance validation under real-world conditions.

 

12 | Methodology

Forecasts derived from photonics patent data, optical component sales, and interviews with over 80 photonic engineers, quantum computing researchers, and optical materials scientists. Adoption rates are modeled by telecom growth and research funding trajectories.





Reasons To Buy

Image



Scope

Image

Key Players

  • Corning Incorporated
  • IPG Photonics Corporation
  • NKT Photonics A/S
  • Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
  • Finisar Corporation
  • NeoPhotonics Corporation
  • Lumentum Holdings Inc.
  • II‑VI Incorporated
  • Fujitsu Limited
  • Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
  • Broadcom Inc.
  • Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
  • Thorlabs Inc.
  • TRUMPF GmbH + Co. KG
  • Jenoptik AG

 

Photonic Band-gap Material Market Report

 

  1. 1. Photonic Band-gap Material Market Research Report
    1. 1.1 Study Objectives
    2. 1.2 Photonic Band-gap Material Market - Overview
    3. 1.3 Reason to Read This Report
    4. 1.4 Methodology and Forecast Analysis
  2. 2. Photonic Band-gap Material Market Research Report - Preface
    1. 2.1 Photonic Band-gap Material Market Research Report – Detailed Scope and Definitions
      1. 2.1.1 By Material Type
      2. 2.1.2 By Application
      3. 2.1.3 By Region
  3. 3. Photonic Band-gap Material Market Dynamics
    1. 3.1. Drivers - Macro-Economic Based, Supply Side, and Demand Side Drivers
    2. 3.2. Restraints – By Material Type, By Application, By Country
    3. 3.3. Opportunities – By Material Type, By Application, By Country
    4. 3.4. Trends – By Material Type, By Application, By Country
    5. 3.5. PEST Analysis
    6. 3.6. Porters Five Rule Analysis
    7. 3.7. Company’s Share Analysis (CSA) by Region or By Country
    8. 3.8. Photonic Band-gap Material Market Research Report – DROTs Impact Analysis
    1. 4. Photonic Band-gap Material Market Research Report, Historic Data 2019 - 2023 and Forecast Analysis Data 2024 - 2031
    2. 4.1. Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    3. 4.2. Annual Market Trend Assessment – Year-on-Year (YoY) Growth Analysis (%)
    4. 4.3. Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and 2024 - 2031
    5. 4.4. Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
  1. 5. Photonic Band-gap Material Market, By Material Type, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 5.1 Dielectric Photonic Crystals
    2. 5.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    3. 5.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    4. 5.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    5. 5.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    6. 5.2 Polymer-based PBG Materials
    7. 5.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    8. 5.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    9. 5.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    10. 5.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    11. 5.3 Semiconductor-based PBG Materials
    12. 5.3.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    13. 5.3.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    14. 5.3.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    15. 5.3.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    6. Photonic Band-gap Material Market, By Application, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 6.1 Optical Communication & Telecom
    2. 6.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    3. 6.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    4. 6.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    5. 6.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    6. 6.2 Quantum & Photonic Computing
    7. 6.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    8. 6.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    9. 6.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    10. 6.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    11. 6.3 Biomedical Sensing & Diagnostics
    12. 6.3.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    13. 6.3.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    14. 6.3.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    15. 6.3.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    16. 6.4 LEDs & Laser Devices
    17. 6.4.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    18. 6.4.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    19. 6.4.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    20. 6.4.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    21. 6.5 Defense & Cloaking
    22. 6.5.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    23. 6.5.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    24. 6.5.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    25. 6.5.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    26. 6.6 Others
    27. 6.6.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    28. 6.6.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
    29. 6.6.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
    30. 6.6.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
  1. 7. Photonic Band-gap Material Market Forecast, By Region, 2019 - 2023 and 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 7.1 North America
      1. 7.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
      7.2 Europe
      1. 7.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
      7.3 Asia-Pacific
      1. 7.3.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.3.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.3.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.3.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
      7.4 Latin America
      1. 7.4.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.4.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.4.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.4.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
      7.5 Middle East and Africa
      1. 7.5.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.5.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.5.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.5.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
      7.6 Photonic Band-gap Material Market - Opportunity Analysis Index, By Material Type, By Application, and Region, 2024 - 2031
  1. 8. North America Photonic Band-gap Material Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 8.1 By Material Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 8.1.1 Dielectric Photonic Crystals
      2. 8.1.2 Polymer-based PBG Materials
      3. 8.1.3 Semiconductor-based PBG Materials
      8.2 By Application Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 8.2.1 Optical Communication & Telecom
      2. 8.2.2 Quantum & Photonic Computing
      3. 8.2.3 Biomedical Sensing & Diagnostics
      4. 8.2.4 LEDs & Laser Devices
      5. 8.2.5 Defense & Cloaking
      6. 8.2.6 Others
      8.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 8.3.1 United States
      2. 8.3.2 Canada
    2. 8.4 North America Photonic Band-gap Material Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Material Type, By Application, and Country, 2024 - 2031
    3. 8.5 Regional Trends Analysis
    4. 8.6 North America Photonic Band-gap Material Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 8.6.1 Company 1 (United States)
      2. 8.6.2 Company 2 (Canada)
      3. 8.6.3 Company 3 (Canada)
    9. Europe Photonic Band-gap Material Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 9.1 By Material Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.1.1 Dielectric Photonic Crystals
      2. 9.1.2 Polymer-based PBG Materials
      3. 9.1.3 Semiconductor-based PBG Materials
      9.2 By Application Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.2.1 Optical Communication & Telecom
      2. 9.2.2 Quantum & Photonic Computing
      3. 9.2.3 Biomedical Sensing & Diagnostics
      4. 9.2.4 LEDs & Laser Devices
      5. 9.2.5 Defense & Cloaking
      6. 9.2.6 Others
      9.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.3.1 Germany
      2. 9.3.2 United Kingdom
      3. 9.3.3 France
      4. 9.3.4 Spain
      5. 9.3.5 Italy
      6. 9.3.6 Russia
    2. 9.4 Europe Photonic Band-gap Material Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Material Type, By Application, and Country, 2024 - 2031
    3. 9.5 Regional Trends Analysis
    4. 9.6 Europe Photonic Band-gap Material Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 9.6.1 Company 1 (Germany)
      2. 9.6.2 Company 2 (United Kingdom)
      3. 9.6.3 Company 3 (United Kingdom)
    10. Asia-Pacific Photonic Band-gap Material Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 10.1 By Material Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.1.1 Dielectric Photonic Crystals
      2. 10.1.2 Polymer-based PBG Materials
      3. 10.1.3 Semiconductor-based PBG Materials
      10.2 By Application Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.2.1 Optical Communication & Telecom
      2. 10.2.2 Quantum & Photonic Computing
      3. 10.2.3 Biomedical Sensing & Diagnostics
      4. 10.2.4 LEDs & Laser Devices
      5. 10.2.5 Defense & Cloaking
      6. 10.2.6 Others
      10.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.3.1 China
      2. 10.3.2 Japan
      3. 10.3.3 India
      4. 10.3.4 South Korea
      5. 10.3.5 Australia & New Zealand
      6. 10.3.6 ASEAN
    2. 10.4 Asia-Pacific Photonic Band-gap Material Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Material Type, By Application, and Country, 2024 - 2031
    3. 10.5 Regional Trends Analysis
    4. 10.6 Asia-Pacific Photonic Band-gap Material Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 10.6.1 Company 1 (China)
      2. 10.6.2 Company 2 (Japan)
      3. 10.6.3 Company 3 (Japan)
    11. Latin America Photonic Band-gap Material Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 11.1 By Material Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.1.1 Dielectric Photonic Crystals
      2. 11.1.2 Polymer-based PBG Materials
      3. 11.1.3 Semiconductor-based PBG Materials
      11.2 By Application Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.2.1 Optical Communication & Telecom
      2. 11.2.2 Quantum & Photonic Computing
      3. 11.2.3 Biomedical Sensing & Diagnostics
      4. 11.2.4 LEDs & Laser Devices
      5. 11.2.5 Defense & Cloaking
      6. 11.2.6 Others
      11.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.3.1 Brazil
      2. 11.3.2 Mexico
      3. 11.3.3 Argentina
      4. 11.3.4 Peru
      5. 11.3.5 Colombia
      6. 11.3.6 Rest of Latin America
    2. 11.4 Latin America Photonic Band-gap Material Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Material Type, By Application, and Country, 2024 - 2031
    3. 11.5 Regional Trends Analysis
    4. 11.6 Latin America Photonic Band-gap Material Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 11.6.1 Company 1 (Brazil)
      2. 11.6.2 Company 2 (Mexico)
      3. 11.6.3 Company 3 (Mexico)
    12. Middle East and Africa Photonic Band-gap Material Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 12.1 By Material Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.1.1 Dielectric Photonic Crystals
      2. 12.1.2 Polymer-based PBG Materials
      3. 12.1.3 Semiconductor-based PBG Materials
      12.2 By Application Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.2.1 Optical Communication & Telecom
      2. 12.2.2 Quantum & Photonic Computing
      3. 12.2.3 Biomedical Sensing & Diagnostics
      4. 12.2.4 LEDs & Laser Devices
      5. 12.2.5 Defense & Cloaking
      6. 12.2.6 Others
      12.3 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.3.1 Saudi Arabia
      2. 12.3.2 UAE
      3. 12.3.3 South Africa
      4. 12.3.4 Egypt
      5. 12.3.5 Israel
      6. 12.3.6 Rest of Middle East and Africa
    2. 12.4 Middle East and Africa Photonic Band-gap Material Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Material Type, By Application, and Country, 2024 - 2031
    3. 12.5 Regional Trends Analysis
    4. 12.6 Middle East and Africa Photonic Band-gap Material Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 12.6.1 Company 1 (Saudi Arabia)
      2. 12.6.2 Company 2 (UAE)
      3. 12.6.3 Company 3 (UAE)
    13. Competition Landscape
    1. 13.1 Strategic Dashboard of Top Market Players
    2. 13.2 Company Profiles (Introduction, Financial Assessments, Portfolio of Offerings, Milestones and Achievements, Strategic Initiative, and SWOT Analysis)
      1. 13.2.1 NKT Photonics
      2. 13.2.2 IPG Photonics
      3. 13.2.3 Opalux
      4. 13.2.4 Corning Incorporated
      5. 13.2.5 Furukawa Electric
      6. 13.2.6 DK Photonics
      7. 13.2.7 GLOphotonics SAS
      8. 13.2.8 Photonic Lattice
      9. 13.2.9 Photeon Technologies GmbH
      10. 13.2.10 NeoPhotonics
      11. 13.2.11 Agilent Technologies
      12. 13.2.12 Ion Optics
      13. 13.2.13 Luminus Devices
      14. 13.2.14 NEC Corporation
      15. 13.2.15 Epistar
  1. 14. Data Collection Method and Research Approach
  2. 15. Principal Presumptions and Acronyms