Report Code : CVMI24071683 | Published Date : March 12, 2025

The Heat Exchanger Market is experiencing substantial growth, fueled by rising demand for energy-efficient solutions, expanding industrial applications, and advancements in heat transfer technology. The market was valued at USD XX billion in 2019 and reached USD XX billion in 2023. It is projected to grow at a CAGR of XX% from 2024 to 2031, reaching USD XX billion by 2031.

Heat Exchanger Market Key Insights

Heat exchangers are essential components in HVAC systems, power generation, chemical processing, and the food and beverage industries. The growing emphasis on waste heat recovery, compact heat exchangers, and AI-driven thermal optimization is transforming the sector.

Heat Exchanger Market Growth Drivers

  • Rising Demand for Energy-Efficient and High-Performance Heat Exchangers – Industries are adopting next-generation heat transfer solutions to reduce operational costs
  • Advancements in Heat Transfer Technology and Smart Monitoring Systems: The development of compact, corrosion-resistant, AI-integrated heat exchangers is propelling growth
  • Expansion of HVAC, Power Generation, and Renewable Energy Applications – The increase in installations for industrial cooling, district heating, and waste heat recovery is driving market demand for growth
  • Government Regulations on Emission Reduction and Energy Optimization – Policies promoting low-carbon technologies and heat efficiency innovations are accelerating investments.

 

Heat Exchanger Market Regional Trends

  • North America leads because of the increasing demand for HVAC systems and energy-efficient industrial heating exchangers.
  • Europe is expanding through EU sustainability policies and the increasing adoption of heat recovery solutions.
  • Asia-Pacific is experiencing rapid growth, fueled by industrial expansion in China and India Japan.
  • Latin America and MEA are emerging markets that gain from infrastructure modernization and industrial development projects

 

ClearView Market Insights Analysis

The Heat Exchanger Market is poised for continuous expansion, fueled by technological advancements, growing demand for energy efficiency, and government-supported emission reduction initiatives. Companies investing in AI-driven heat optimization, innovative materials, and modular heat exchanger designs will lead this evolving sector.





Reasons To Buy

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Scope

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Key Players

  • Alfa Laval AB
  • Danfoss A/S
  • Kelvion Holdings GmbH
  • SPX Corporation
  • Xylem Inc.
  • API Heat Transfer
  • Hisaka Works Ltd.
  • HRS Heat Exchangers
  • SWEP International AB
  • Tranter Inc.

Global Heat Exchanger Market Report

  1. 1. Global Heat Exchanger Market Research Report
    1. 1.1 Study Objectives
    2. 1.2 Global Heat Exchanger Market - Overview
    3. 1.3 Reason to Read This Report
    4. 1.4 Methodology and Forecast Analysis
    2. Global Heat Exchanger Market Research Report - Preface
    1. 2.1 Global Heat Exchanger Market Research Report – Detailed Scope and Definitions
      1. 2.1.1 By Type
      2. 2.1.2 By Material
      3. 2.1.3 By End User
      4. 2.1.4 By Region
    3. Global Heat Exchanger Market Dynamics
    1. 3.1. Drivers - Macro-Economic Based, Supply Side, and Demand Side Drivers
    2. 3.2. Restraints – By Type, By Material, By End User, By Country
    3. 3.3. Opportunities – By Type, By Material, By End User, By Country
    4. 3.4. Trends – By Type, By Material, By End User, By Country
    5. 3.5. PEST Analysis
    6. 3.6. Porters Five Rule Analysis
    7. 3.7. Company’s Share Analysis (CSA) by Region or By Country
    8. 3.8. Global Heat Exchanger Market Research Report – DROTs Impact Analysis
    4. Global Heat Exchanger Market Research Report, Historic Data 2019 - 2023 and Forecast Analysis Data 2024 - 2031
    1. 4.1. Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
    2. 4.2. Annual Market Trend Assessment – Year-on-Year (YoY) Growth Analysis (%)
    3. 4.3. Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and 2024 - 2031
    4. 4.4. Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    5. Global Heat Exchanger Market, By Type, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 5.1 Shell & Tube
      1. 5.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 5.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 5.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 5.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    2. 5.2 Plate & Frame
      1. 5.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 5.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 5.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 5.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    3. 5.3 Air-Cooled
      1. 5.3.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 5.3.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 5.3.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 5.3.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    4. 5.4 Others
      1. 5.4.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 5.4.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 5.4.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 5.4.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    6. Global Heat Exchanger Market, By Material, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 6.1 Steel
      1. 6.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 6.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 6.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 6.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    2. 6.2 Non-Steel
      1. 6.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 6.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 6.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 6.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    7. Global Heat Exchanger Market, By End User, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 7.1 Chemical
      1. 7.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    2. 7.2 Petrochemical
      1. 7.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    3. 7.3 Oil & Gas
      1. 7.3.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.3.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.3.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.3.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    4. 7.4 HVACR
      1. 7.4.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.4.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.4.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.4.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    5. 7.5 Food & Beverage
      1. 7.5.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.5.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.5.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.5.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    6. 7.6 Power Generation
      1. 7.6.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.6.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.6.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.6.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    7. 7.7 Others
      1. 7.7.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 7.7.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 7.7.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 7.7.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    8. Global Heat Exchanger Market Forecast, By Region, 2019 - 2023 and 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 8.1 North America
      1. 8.1.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 8.1.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 8.1.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 8.1.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    2. 8.2 Europe
      1. 8.2.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 8.2.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 8.2.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 8.2.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    3. 8.3 Asia-Pacific
      1. 8.3.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 8.3.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 8.3.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 8.3.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    4. 8.4 Latin America
      1. 8.4.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 8.4.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 8.4.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 8.4.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    5. 8.5 Middle East & Africa
      1. 8.5.1 Market Performance Review & Future Outlook: Assessing 2019 - 2023 and Predicting 2024 - 2031 Trends (USD Millions)
      2. 8.5.2 Annual Market Trend Assessment – Yearly Growth Observation (Y-O-Y)(%)
      3. 8.5.3 Incremental Market Value/Volume Opportunity between 2019 - 2023 and From 2024 to 2031
      4. 8.5.4 Market Shares Analysis in Years - 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2031
    6. 8.6 Global Heat Exchanger Market - Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By Material, By End User, and Region, 2024 - 2031
    9. North America Global Heat Exchanger Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 9.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.1.1 Shell & Tube
      2. 9.1.2 Plate & Frame
      3. 9.1.3 Air-Cooled
      4. 9.1.4 Others
      9.2 By Material Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.2.1 Steel
      2. 9.2.2 Non-Steel
      9.3 By End User Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.3.1 Chemical
      2. 9.3.2 Petrochemical
      3. 9.3.3 Oil & Gas
      4. 9.3.4 HVACR
      5. 9.3.5 Food & Beverage
      6. 9.3.6 Power Generation
      7. 9.3.7 Others
      9.4 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 9.4.1 United States
      2. 9.4.2 Canada
      9.5 North America Global Heat Exchanger Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By Material, By End User, and Country, 2024 - 2031
      9.6 Regional Trends Analysis
      9.7 North America Global Heat Exchanger Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 9.7.1 Company 1 (United States)
      2. 9.7.2 Company 2 (Canada)
      3. 9.7.3 Company 3 (Canada)
    10. Europe Global Heat Exchanger Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 10.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.1.1 Shell & Tube
      2. 10.1.2 Plate & Frame
      3. 10.1.3 Air-Cooled
      4. 10.1.4 Others
      10.2 By Material Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.2.1 Steel
      2. 10.2.2 Non-Steel
      10.3 By End User Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.3.1 Chemical
      2. 10.3.2 Petrochemical
      3. 10.3.3 Oil & Gas
      4. 10.3.4 HVACR
      5. 10.3.5 Food & Beverage
      6. 10.3.6 Power Generation
      7. 10.3.7 Others
      10.4 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 10.4.1 Germany
      2. 10.4.2 United Kingdom
      3. 10.4.3 France
      4. 10.4.4 Spain
      5. 10.4.5 Italy
      6. 10.4.6 Russia
      7. 10.4.7 Netherlands
      8. 10.4.8 Poland
      9. 10.4.9 Rest of Europe
      10.5 Europe Global Heat Exchanger Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By Material, By End User, and Country, 2024 - 2031
      10.6 Regional Trends Analysis
      10.7 Europe Global Heat Exchanger Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 10.7.1 Company 1 (Germany)
      2. 10.7.2 Company 2 (United Kingdom)
      3. 10.7.3 Company 3 (United Kingdom)
    11. Asia-Pacific Global Heat Exchanger Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 11.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.1.1 Shell & Tube
      2. 11.1.2 Plate & Frame
      3. 11.1.3 Air-Cooled
      4. 11.1.4 Others
      11.2 By Material Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.2.1 Steel
      2. 11.2.2 Non-Steel
      11.3 By End User Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.3.1 Chemical
      2. 11.3.2 Petrochemical
      3. 11.3.3 Oil & Gas
      4. 11.3.4 HVACR
      5. 11.3.5 Food & Beverage
      6. 11.3.6 Power Generation
      7. 11.3.7 Others
      11.4 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 11.4.1 China
      2. 11.4.2 Japan
      3. 11.4.3 India
      4. 11.4.4 South Korea
      5. 11.4.5 Australia & NZ
      6. 11.4.6 ASEAN
      7. 11.4.7 Rest of Asia-Pacific
      11.5 Asia-Pacific Global Heat Exchanger Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By Material, By End User, and Country, 2024 - 2031
      11.6 Regional Trends Analysis
      11.7 Asia-Pacific Global Heat Exchanger Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 11.7.1 Company 1 (China)
      2. 11.7.2 Company 2 (Japan)
      3. 11.7.3 Company 3 (Japan)
    12. Latin America Global Heat Exchanger Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 12.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.1.1 Shell & Tube
      2. 12.1.2 Plate & Frame
      3. 12.1.3 Air-Cooled
      4. 12.1.4 Others
      12.2 By Material Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.2.1 Steel
      2. 12.2.2 Non-Steel
      12.3 By End User Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.3.1 Chemical
      2. 12.3.2 Petrochemical
      3. 12.3.3 Oil & Gas
      4. 12.3.4 HVACR
      5. 12.3.5 Food & Beverage
      6. 12.3.6 Power Generation
      7. 12.3.7 Others
      12.4 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 12.4.1 Brazil
      2. 12.4.2 Mexico
      3. 12.4.3 Argentina
      4. 12.4.4 Peru
      5. 12.4.5 Colombia
      6. 12.4.6 Rest of Latin America
      12.5 Latin America Global Heat Exchanger Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By Material, By End User, and Country, 2024 - 2031
      12.6 Regional Trends Analysis
      12.7 Latin America Global Heat Exchanger Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 12.7.1 Company 1 (Brazil)
      2. 12.7.2 Company 2 (Mexico)
      3. 12.7.3 Company 3 (Mexico)
    13. Middle East & Africa Global Heat Exchanger Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 (Market Value, In USD Mn)
    1. 13.1 By Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 13.1.1 Shell & Tube
      2. 13.1.2 Plate & Frame
      3. 13.1.3 Air-Cooled
      4. 13.1.4 Others
      13.2 By Material Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 13.2.1 Steel
      2. 13.2.2 Non-Steel
      13.3 By End User Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 13.3.1 Chemical
      2. 13.3.2 Petrochemical
      3. 13.3.3 Oil & Gas
      4. 13.3.4 HVACR
      5. 13.3.5 Food & Beverage
      6. 13.3.6 Power Generation
      7. 13.3.7 Others
      13.4 Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2031 by Market Assessment (USD Mn), Yearly Growth Rate (%), and Market Presence (%)
      1. 13.4.1 Saudi Arabia
      2. 13.4.2 UAE
      3. 13.4.3 South Africa
      4. 13.4.4 Egypt
      5. 13.4.5 Israel
      6. 13.4.6 Rest of Middle East and Africa
      13.5 Middle East & Africa Global Heat Exchanger Market – Opportunity Analysis Index, By Type, By Material, By End User, and Country, 2024 - 2031
      13.6 Regional Trends Analysis
      13.7 Middle East & Africa Global Heat Exchanger Market Research Report - Company Profiles
      1. 13.7.1 Company 1 (Saudi Arabia)
      2. 13.7.2 Company 2 (UAE)
      3. 13.7.3 Company 3 (UAE)
    14. Competition Landscape
    1. 14.1 Strategic Dashboard of Top Market Players
      14.2 Company Profiles (Introduction, Financial Assessments, Portfolio of Offerings, Milestones and Achievements, Strategic Initiative, and SWOT Analysis)
      1. 14.2.1 Alfa Laval AB
      2. 14.2.2 Danfoss A/S
      3. 14.2.3 Kelvion Holdings GmbH
      4. 14.2.4 SPX Corporation
      5. 14.2.5 Xylem Inc.
      6. 14.2.6 API Heat Transfer
      7. 14.2.7 Hisaka Works Ltd.
      8. 14.2.8 HRS Heat Exchangers
      9. 14.2.9 SWEP International AB
      10. 14.2.10 Tranter Inc.
    15. Data Collection Method and Research Approach
    16. Principal Presumptions and Acronyms





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